COMPLEX PATTERN

Domestic violence is not random. It follows a deliberate and escalating pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors used to gain power and control over an intimate partner. These behaviors often increase in frequency and severity over time.

According to the Missouri Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence (MCADSV), abuse can take many forms. Some types are visible and immediate, while others are subtle and difficult to recognize. All are harmful.

Below are four common types of abuse and examples of how control may be exercised.

Physical Abuse

Physical abuse involves intentional actions that cause bodily harm or fear of harm, including:

• Scratching, biting, grabbing, or spitting on a current or former partner

• Shaking, shoving, pushing, restraining, or throwing a partner

• Slapping, punching, twisting arms, strangling, or burning

• Throwing objects at or near the victim

Sexual Violence and Abuse

Sexual abuse occurs when control, manipulation, or force is used to violate a partner’s sexual autonomy, such as:

• Displaying extreme jealousy and making accusations about sexual behavior

• Pressuring a partner to dress or behave in a sexual way against her wishes

• Coercing sex through manipulation, intimidation, or threats

• Forcing sexual acts or engaging in sexually violent behavior

Psychological Abuse

Psychological abuse targets a person’s sense of self, safety, and reality, including:

• Verbally attacking or humiliating a partner in private or in public

• Exploiting personal insecurities or vulnerabilities

• Using manipulation, gaslighting, or mind games

• Forcing a partner to participate in degrading or demeaning actions

Economic Abuse

Economic abuse limits a survivor’s independence and ability to leave, including:

• Controlling all household finances

• Preventing a partner from working outside the home

• Sabotaging education or job opportunities

• Damaging or ruining a partner’s credit

Understanding the complex patterns of abuse helps explain why leaving an abusive relationship can be difficult and dangerous. Recognizing these behaviors is an important step toward safety, support, and healing.